Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age
D**N
The strange mathematical genius that very few know about
Oliver Heaviside is certainly one of the strangest figures in the history of physics. Caustic and anti-social, Heaviside came out of poverty and basically educated himself to become one of the finest mathematical physicists of the late 19th century. His work in applied mathematics, telegraphy and telephony put him at the cutting edge of applied physics but his personality, his extreme sensitivity to slights, and his often well-justified battles with the big names of electrical engineering at the time made him highly controversial. He could not resist a good fight, often adding personal insults to his opponents in his technical articles. He almost never left his home and lived off his parents much of his life, sitting in an incredibly hot, stuffy room advancing mathematical physics. Heaviside's name is largely unknown to the public today except in a very strange way that somehow fits the life of this unusual man. Heaviside did very little theoretical work on the wireless (early radio) but his name became famous in his time for hypothesizing a layer in the upper atmosphere, now called the ionosphere, that explained how the wireless could function without the rays going off into space. This section of the atmosphere was called for many years the Kennelly - Heaviside Layer, then just the Heaviside Layer. For reasons unknown to me, T.S. Eliot used the phrase in a letter. When Andrew Lloyd Webber adopted Eliot's book of whimsical poems, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, into his great musical Cats, going to "the Heaviside Layer" became the theme of much of the show and some of the best songs. Alas, the mathematical genius, who felt he never got the respect he deserved, is now memorialized in a play that he himself would probably loathe. Almost no one except those with a background in physics or electrical engineering knows that the reference in Cats refers to an actual person. THAT fact he would like. Such was the strange life and legacy of Oliver Heaviside, a man who deserves to be remembered for so much more.This book is exceptionally well-written. Another reviewer cites some issues with it but, simply in terms of readability, the book is first-rate. As Nahin notes, it is impossible to write a biography of Heaviside without mathematics. Many of Heaviside's most important papers are page after page of math. Nahin's solution to writing for the general reader is excellent. At the end of each chapter are "Tech Notes." Here he explains the mathematical details of what he discussed in prose in the chapter. This allows the nonmathematically trained but interested reader to either delve into these or skip them; for the trained reader, these notes go into more depth on the issues. The book also has extensive photographs and images of the people Heaviside dealt with, from his few friends like Oliver Lodge and George FitzGerald to his enemies like Peter Tait and his archenemy, William Henry Preece. The Preece-Heaviside controversy, which runs through most of Heaviside's adult life, is worth the price of the book in itself. It not just shows the battle between a respected establishment figure with limited ability (and a large ego) with a mathematical genius, but highlights the major difference at the time between the "practical men" in electrical engineering and the mathematicians. It also shows how the class distinctions of the time affected the advance of science. Nahin also includes newspaper images from the time either showing or lampooning some of the issues discussed in the book. Given the topic of the biography, the overall organization of this book could not be better.I did not expect such an enjoyable work. Oliver Heaviside, who, as we might say today, had more "issues" than another five people put together, does not lend himself easily to a biography that a reader might care about. However, without covering up any of Oliver's flaws, Nahin manages to have the reader feel sympathy for this man. At the same time the book takes the reader on a well-written journey through the state of physics at the end of the 19th century. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in the history of physics or electrical engineering or, for that matter, anyone interested in the strange quirks of an isolated genius.
E**A
Oliver Heaviside the twin brother of the greatest physicist of all times James Clerk Maxelll
Definitively professor Paul J. Nahin must be not just a great mind, but a great soul and great educator too. I just want to thank him for sharing with us this magnificent work.This review of his book is written too, not for those "seeking a way to kill time", neither for those who faint at the sight of square root, and let alone of the square root of minus one.The most impressive and amazing thing about the work of J.C.M and O. H. is that they the both developed the Electromagnetic theory in a time when the electron concept did not exist, or else, within a wrong framework.They both"strived, in fact, to achieve a physical theory without making assumptions about the underying details of the physics",something that is seen quite often, these days, in some modern theoretical physicists, the so-called mainstream physics.This work of professor Nahin is so full of hints why the electromagnetic theory "have resisted the errosion and corrosion of progress", and the first and most obvious one is that behind that theory lies the basis of physical reality, or as Einstein said once, understanding the electron is enough.In fact my guess is that the electron is our first form of "measurable" energy which"is one the great continuing(and, to my mind mysterious)issues"of the physical reality, that Faraday resumed, thinking most probably in the magnetic field, and as so in a general and "easy" to grasp concept, I mean, the field, as anyone can "see" its lines of force in the space around, a reason why Thomson realized"that a Faraday field could in some way store energy"recognizing this fact as its greatest idea, but its was Maxwell who"made the idea of distributed energy in space the central concept of electrodynamics"However when dealing with the field concept there we have a departure of ideas between Maxwell and Heaviside, as it were, between the "pure physicist" and the engineer dealing and thinking in the physical reality.The question is:is not modern thought making a great mistake when"turning away from the view of Hertz and Heaviside that the fields are the real thing"?Maxwell was most impressed with its mathematical-theoretical beautiful concept the"Electrokinetic Momentum... that...it may even be called the fundamental quantity of electrodynamics",a point of view shared today, in some way, by the nobel prize Richard Feynman who wrote:"In the theory of quantum electrodynamics, one takes the vector and scalar potential as the fundamental quantities. E and B are slowly disappearing from the modern expression of physical laws".Well, for not extending this review anymore, I wonder if in some way, behind this departure is not the reason why the Father of Quantum mechanics, Erwin Schrodinger wrote in his Interpretation of Quantum mechanics, July 1952 Colloquium:"I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today, I opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basics views that have been shaped 25 years ago......here no trace is left of anything that might be thought of as representing the path of a particle. Hence the idea of point electrons-whatever it may mean elsewhere- becomes absolutely inadequate in this region, that is to say within the "body" of an atom. To my mind it is patently absurd to call anything the probability of finding an electron near a particular point in this region..."There we have a departure between the particle point of view still prevailing in modern physics when dealing with the electron, and considering it, the electron, a source of a more fundamental real field, I mean, the magnetic field B in which energy is stored, being it the real thing we can grasp and measure, when dealing with the mysterious energy concept.
G**M
Excellent
Another enjoyable read by Nahin with the right mix of historical and technical discussion.
M**.
Heaviside Revisited
This book gives rare insights to a much neglected genius. Well researched.
D**.
Oliver Heaviside – Prophet der Maxwellschen Theorie
Paul J. Nahin, emeritierter Professor für Electrical Engineering an der Universität von New Hamshire, ist ein passionierter Wissenschaftsschriftsteller, von ihm stammen so faszinierende Bücher wie “Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula“, “An Imaginary Tale“ und “Inside Interesting Integrals“, die interessante Themen aus Mathematik und Physik auch für Nichtfachleute spannend aufbereiten. Sein hier vorliegendes Buch ist dem Leben und Werk von Oliver Heaviside gewidmet, einem self made Elektroingenieur, der auch Beiträge zur Physik und Mathematik leistete, und dem wir die heutige übliche kompakte Vektorformulierung der Maxwellschen Gleichungen verdanken.Heaviside verließ vorzeitig die Schule, lernte zwei weitere Jahre autodidaktisch, in denen er sich u.a. den Morse Code beibrachte, um durch Vermittlung seines Onkels Charles Wheatstone, Telegraphist zu werden. Bald aber publizierte er Aufsätze zur Elektrizitätslehre, und 1874 gab er seinen Beruf auf, um sich ganz seinem Studium zu widmen. In seinen frühen Arbeiten beschäftigt sich Heaviside mit der Theorie der Telegraphenkabel, für die W. Thompson mit G. Stokes 1854 die Grundlagen geschaffen hatte – einem Thema, das auch dank der Versuche mit Transatlantikkabeln damals hoch interessant war.Von Maxwells Theorie des Elektromagnetismus war Heaviside sofort begeistert, schon auf Grund ihrer logischen Struktur, während diese damals eher verhalten skeptisch aufgenommen wurde, bis experimentelle Belege, für den von Maxwell theoretisch eingeführten Verschiebungsstrom (displacement current), vorlagen – diese wurden 1886 zweifelsfrei von Heinrich Hertz 1886, durch den Nachwies elektromagnetischer Wellen, erbrachte. Ab 1882 publizierte Heaviside seine Erkenntnisse zu diesem Thema regelmäßig im Journal “The Electrician“.Damit reift gleichzeitig seine Neuformulierung der Maxwellschen Theorie heran, Heaviside verwendet konsequent dem Vektorkalkül von J.W. Gibbs, damit erhalten die Maxwellschen Gleichung ihre noch heute benutze kompakte Darstellung. Er führte auch hypothetische magnetische Ladung ein, die den Gleichung eine besonders symmetrische Form verleiht, die Heaviside duplex Form nennt. Bei der Entwicklung der Theorie betonte Heaviside zudem die Rolle der beobachtbaren Kräfte und Flüsse und versuchte die Verwendungen von Potentialen auszumerzen,William Rowan Hamilton entdeckte die Quaternionen und setzte sich für deren Verwendung in Mathematik und Physik ein, Peter Tait propagiert insbesondere deren Verwendung in der Elektrodynamik. Demgegenüber fand Heaviside diese Theorie unnatürlich und lehnte sie vehement ab. Tatsächlich lassen sich dreidimensionale Vektoren mit rein imaginäre Quaternionen identifizieren und aus deren Produkt kann man Skalar- und Vektorprodukt gewinnen. Allerdings ist die Art und Weise dieser Abbildung nicht sehr natürlich; mehr noch, diese Quaternionen Darstellung hilft leider wenig etwa bei der Ableitung des Ausdrucks für das doppelte Vektorprodukt, während das mit Hilfe des Epsilon-Tensors in wenige Zeilen gelingt. Allerdings findet Heaviside auch wenig Gefallen an der cartesischen Koordinatenzerlegung von Vektoren, überhaupt sind die Abschnitte in seinen Fachartikeln recht wertend – fast schon emotional.Heaviside war auch außerordentlich erfolgreich bei der Entwicklung mathematischer Methoden zur Behandlungen schwieriger Probleme des Elektromagnetismus, die aber von erheblicher technologischer Bedeutung waren. Dabei pflege er einen recht kreativen Umgang mit Operatoren – er setzte diese Methode insbesondere für Differentialoperatoren ein, um Differentialgleichungen zu ‘Algebraisieren‘. Dazu verwendet formale Potenzreihenentwicklungen für des Inverse oder die Quadratwurzel eines Operators zu bilden, er nahm damit in gewisser Weise den Funktional-Kalkül vorweg, den u.a J. v. Neumann auf Anregungen von Hilbert für die Darstellung selbst adjungierter Operatoren in der Quantenmechanik einsetzt. Allerdings beruht Heavisides Methode vorwiegend auf seinen ausgiebigen Experimenten im Umgang mit Operatoren zu Lösung praktischer Probleme, mit Fragen Wohldefiniertheit oder der Konvergenz, der von ihm verwendeten Reihen, gab er sich nicht ab. Kein Wunder, dass die Royal Society die Veröffentlichung des dritten Teils seiner Abhandlung zur Operatoren Methode ablehnte, ein Umstand den Heaviside sehr kränkte, da er seine praktischen Intensionen missverstanden fühlte.Heaviside erhielt Gelegenheit, zu demonstrieren, dass seine Operatormethode in der Lage war, auch Probleme von erstaunlicher Komplexität zu lösen, als er von John Perry in die Debatte um das Alter der Erde mit Lord Kelvin involviert wurde. Kelvin ging davon aus, dass sich die Erde von der Temperatur geschmolzenen Gesteins (3900 °C) durch Wärmeleitung abkühlt, und er ermittelte die Zeit, die notwendig ist bis an der Erdoberfläche der heutige Temperaturgradient einstellt – ca. 90 Millionen Jahre. Perry wandte ein, dass das Erdinnere wahrscheinlich größtenteils flüssig ist, deswegen ging er von einem Modell mit zwei unterschiedlichen Koeffizienten aus, einem fpr den Ergdmantel und einen andern für das Innere – er fand eine Lösung für eine unendliche Erde, Heaviside konnte schließlich mit seinen Methoden den realistischeren Fall einer endlichen Erde behandeln.Der Autor bekennt im Vorwort, dass das Buch jahrelange Mühe gekostet hat, er hat dazu alte Bücher studiert, sich durch jahrhundertealte vergilbte Ausgaben des Electrians, Heavisides ‘Hausjournal‘, gekämpft und Heavisides Briefe mit der Lupe untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist ein detailliertes Lebensbild eines schillernden, gelegentlich sogar schwierigen Charakters und die Werkgeschichte eines genialen Autodidakten. Bei diesen Bemühungen hat Nahin offenbar den narrativen Stil eines Historikers angenommen, der Text ist ein Mosaik aus Zitaten, zusammenhängende inhaltliche Erörterungen sind im wesentlichen auf die Tech Notes am Ende der Kapitel beschränkt. Das macht die Darstellung etwas unübersichtlich, Hinweise auf Heavisides wichtigstes Werk ‘Elekcromagnetic Theory‘ in mehren Bänden, sowie auf die Anlässe und Phasen seiner Entstehung, sind etwa nur in den Text eingestreut. Dabei hatte sich der Autor gerade deswegen mit Heaviside auseinander gesetzt, da er der Ansicht war, dass ein rein historisch orientierter Schriftsteller, ohne naturwissenschaftlich Kenntnisse, dieser Aufgabe nicht gerecht werden würde.Das Buch ist leider auch etwas spartanisch ausgestattet – eine Zeittafel mit den wichtigsten Ereignissen und Daten der relevanten Publikationen, wäre sicher sehr hilfreich gewesen. Der Index beschränkt sich auf Personen und einige wenige Fachbegriffe. Jedes Kapitel endet zwar mit einem ausführlichen Abschnitt mit Quellen- und Referenznachweisen, allerdings fehlt eine separate, geordnete Bibliographie.
J**E
One of the best biographies I ever read
This book is exciting in several ways. First, while reading about such serious matters as electrodynamics and the quite twisted personality of Heaviside you will sometimes find yourself having a big smile on your face or laughing out loud due to the author's way of writing as well as due to quotations like "If universities do not study useless subjects, who will?" (FitzGerald).Secondly, and more importantly, if you are interested in the development of the science of electromagnetics this book will give you a valuable view on the second half of the nineteenth century and many of Heaviside's predecessors and contemporaries (and might well answer some of the background questions you had as a student of electrodynamics and afterwards).Thirdly, on the psychological level, I find it moving to see how even a human being with outstanding intellectual gifts has to sacrifice part of his life in order to achieve something great, and how he seems to succeed in freeing himself from tradition and the public opinion while actually, in some way, the lifelong burden crashes his mind in the end.
R**R
Excellent read, a must for anyone with an interest ...
Excellent read, a must for anyone with an interest in the advancement of electrical theory of the last 150 years.
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